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Essential Nutrients
The body’s essential nutrients are composed of chemical elements
found in food and used by the body to perform many different
functions. Food provides heat, promotes growth, repairs tissues,
and regulates body processes. The six essential nutrients include:
1. CARBOHYDRATES
a. Major source of human energy
b. Easily digested
c. Cheaper source of energy than fats or proteins
d. Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
e. Main dietary sources: bread, pasta, crackers, cereals,
potatoes, corn, peas, fruits, sugar, and syrups
f. Carbohydrates should make up 40% - 50% of the daily diet.
2. FATS
a. Provide the most concentrated form of energy but are a
more expensive source of energy than carbohydrates
b. Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but contain
more oxygen than carbohydrates
c. Maintain body temperature by providing insulation;
cushion organs and bones; aid in the absorption of fat
soluble vitamins; provide flavor to meals
d. Two classifications of fats:
i. Saturated: fats that are solid at room temperature
(shortening)
ii. Unsaturated: fats that are liquid or soft at room
temperature (oils)
e. Cholesterol: a fatty substance found in body cells and
animal fats and also manufactured by the liver. An excess
can contribute to atherosclerosis
f. Main dietary sources: butter, margarine, oils, cream,
fatty meats, cheeses, and egg yolk
g. Daily diet should consist of no more than 25% - 30% fat.
3. PROTEINS
a. Basic components of all body cells
b. Essential for building and repairing tissue, regulating
body functions, and providing energy and heat
c. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some
also contain sulfur, phosphorus, iron and iodine
d. Proteins are made up of 22 building blocks called amino
acids:
i. Complete proteins: contain 9 of the amino acids
that are essential to life. Found in meats, fish, milk,
cheeses, eggs
ii. Incomplete proteins: contain any of the remaining
thirteen amino acids and some of the nine essential
amino acids. Found in vegetable foods such as
cereals, soybeans, dry beans, peas, and peanuts.
e. Daily diet should consist of 10% - 15% protein
4. VITAMINS
a. Vitamins are organic (living) compounds that are essential
to life
b. Vitamins are important for metabolism, tissue building,
and regulating body processes
c. Vitamins allow the body to use the energy provided by
carbohydrates, fats and proteins
d. Only small amounts of vitamins are required; a well
balanced diet usually supplies adequate amounts
e. Vitamins are classified as one of two types:
i. Water soluble: dissolve in water, are easily
destroyed by cooking, air and light (vitamin C
and B complex)
ii. Fat soluble: dissolve in fat, can be stored in
the body, are not easily destroyed by cooking,
air and light, (Vitamins A,D,E,K)
5. MINERALS
a. Minerals are inorganic (non living) elements found in
all body cells
b. Minerals regulate body fluids, assist in various body
functions, contribute to growth, and aid in building tissues
6. WATER
a. Water is found in all body tissues
b. Water essential for the digestion (breakdown) of food,
makes up most of the blood plasma, helps body tissues
absorb nutrients, and helps move waste material through
the body.
c. The average person needs 6 to 8 glasses of water each
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